Mau Tseday (Downfall of the Derg) – June 19
Overview:
Date of Celebration: Mau Tseday is observed annually on June 19 in Ethiopia. It marks the fall of the Derg regime – a military dictatorship that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 until its collapse in 1991. Mau Tseday is a day of remembrance for the victims of the Derg's brutal reign and the significant political and social changes that followed its downfall.
Significance: Mau Tseday is a day to reflect on the struggle for justice and democracy in Ethiopia, as well as to honor the lives of those who were lost or suffered during the Derg regime. The day highlights the atrocities committed under the regime, including the tragic period known as the Red Terror, and the long, difficult path to the eventual overthrow of the Derg and the establishment of a new government. It is a day of both mourning and recognition of the resilience of the Ethiopian people.
Historical Context:
The Rise of the Derg:
The Derg was a military junta that came to power in 1974, overthrowing Emperor Haile Selassie. The Derg, led initially by figures such as Mengistu Haile Mariam, claimed to address widespread corruption, poverty, and political instability under the monarchy but soon descended into authoritarian rule.
Authoritarian Rule and Repression:
Under the Derg’s leadership, Ethiopia experienced a period marked by severe repression, purges, and human rights abuses. The regime implemented Marxist-Leninist policies including land nationalization, forced collectivization, and a highly centralized economy, which led to economic decline and widespread suffering.
Red Terror:
One of the darkest chapters during the Derg era was the Red Terror (1977–1978), a brutal campaign that targeted political opponents, intellectuals, and perceived dissenters. Thousands were arrested, tortured, or executed, and many people were displaced or forced into hiding.
Ethiopian Civil War and Resistance:
Throughout the Derg’s rule, various rebel groups, including the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), led armed resistance against the regime. Their persistent struggle resulted in widespread conflict, displacement, and loss of life.
The Downfall of the Derg:
By the late 1980s, facing economic collapse, internal dissent, and loss of support from key allies such as the Soviet Union, the Derg regime began to crumble. The combined efforts of the EPRDF and other rebel groups eventually forced Mengistu Haile Mariam and the remaining Derg officials to flee in May 1991, marking the official collapse of the regime.
The Aftermath:
After the fall of the Derg, Ethiopia transitioned into a new era with the establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Although significant political reforms were introduced, many Ethiopians continue to mourn the losses and remember the injustices of the Derg era.
Cultural and National Significance:
Remembering the Victims:
Mau Tseday serves as a day of remembrance for those who suffered, were tortured, or lost their lives under the Derg regime, especially during the Red Terror. It is a solemn occasion for families to honor the memory of lost loved ones and for communities to acknowledge the deep scars left by the regime’s brutality.
A Call for Justice and Accountability:
The day underscores the need for justice and accountability for the crimes committed during the Derg era. While some former officials were held accountable in later years, many victims and their families still call for comprehensive justice and reconciliation for the atrocities that occurred.
Reflection on Democracy and Human Rights:
Mau Tseday provides an opportunity for all Ethiopians to reflect on the struggle for democracy and the importance of upholding human rights. It is a reminder of the dangers of authoritarianism and the critical need to build a system of governance that protects the rights and dignity of every citizen.
A Day of Unity:
Despite the lingering divisions and trauma from the Derg era, Mau Tseday also emphasizes national unity. It marks the turning point in Ethiopia’s history where the nation began a painful but necessary journey toward democracy, and it serves as a reminder of the resilience and determination of the Ethiopian people.
How Mau Tseday is Celebrated in Ethiopia:
- Public Ceremonies and Memorial Services:
Mau Tseday is observed through official memorial services held by the government, especially in Addis Ababa. Wreaths are laid at landmarks like the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and other sites significant to the Derg's downfall. Families of victims also hold private memorial services in churches or mosques to honor those who suffered under the regime.
- Commemorative Events:
Schools, universities, and community organizations organize educational programs, lectures, and exhibitions focusing on the history of the Derg regime, the Red Terror, and the subsequent struggle for democracy. These events aim to educate younger generations and keep the memory of the past alive.
- Public Demonstrations:
In regions heavily affected by the Derg’s policies, public demonstrations and peaceful protests are sometimes held on Mau Tseday to demand further accountability for past atrocities and to advocate for better protection of human rights.
- Reflection on Democracy:
Various political groups and activists use Mau Tseday as a platform to discuss the importance of democratic governance and the need for continued reforms. Panel discussions, publications, and public forums often take place to analyze the legacy of the Derg and its impact on contemporary Ethiopian society.
Conclusion:
Mau Tseday (Downfall of the Derg) is an essential national holiday in Ethiopia. It serves as a day of remembrance for the victims of the Derg regime and as a moment of reflection on the arduous journey toward democracy, justice, and human rights.
Through memorial services, cultural events, and educational programs, Ethiopians reflect on the profound impact of the Derg era and the importance of building a future founded on democratic values and accountability.
Mau Tseday is a significant occasion for understanding Ethiopia’s past and striving for a more peaceful and democratic future for all its people.